Fig. 21.2. Immunostaining of CUBIC-clarified 500-μm-thick slices from human Alzheimer disease postmortem brain frontal cortex. Human Alzheimer disease frontal cortex tissue immunostained for Aß (6E10, red) and for tau (B19, green). Stack depth of 264 μm; step size = 1 μm. Stack photos were taken with a two-photon microscope equipped with a 20 × air objective. Scale bar, 100 μm.
“SHANK2 mutations associated with autism spectrum disorder cause hyperconnectivity of human neurons” (Zaslavsky et al., 2019)
a, iPSCs generated from multiple control and affected individuals are differentiated into NPCs. NPCs are differentiated in separate wells for 4 weeks and then differentially fluorescently labeled control (CTRL) and mutant (MUT) cells are sparsely seeded onto a large unlabeled neuronal population (the lawn) and cocultured with astrocytes. b, Timeline of the experiment, starting with seeding of NPCs. Measurements of mutant cells are normalized to control cells in the same well. c, Sparse seeding allows simultaneous analyses of cell morphology and connectivity (total number of SYN1 puncta) of single neurons. Scale bars, 100 μm. d, To compare cell morphology, paired representative traces are shown of control and SHANK2 ASD or engineered SHANK2 KO neurons grown in the same well. e, To compare synaptic function, sEPSCs are recorded from neurons grown in the same well. Confocal images and traces shown in c and d are representative of iPSC-derived neurons imaged in experiments depicted in Fig. 2a–c. sEPSC traces shown in e are representative of patch-clamp recordings of iPSC-derived neurons described in Fig. 3.
http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/348/3176268/3176268_1471-2105-12-351-2.png
Grid electrodes: (A) Craniotomy performed for electrocorticography (ECoG) grid electrode placement in epilepsy surgery candidate at Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida, United States. (B) ECoG electrode grids placed directly on the brain surface. They will be used during presurgical monitoring for localizing seizure onset zone. The same electrodes are stimulated during electrical cortical stimulation mapping for identification of eloquent cortex. The ECoG signal recorded from these grids is separated in a different stream and used for real-time functional mapping (RTFM). (C) 3D reconstruction of the brain with overlaid grid electrodes. This reconstruction is used for creating RTFM montage.
Story about child who underwent ECoG surgery.
Generate “predicted” BOLD response to event; compare to actual
“Assuming a realistic range of prior probabilities for null hypotheses, false report probability is likely to exceed 50% for the whole literature.”
Source: https://nirx.net
Figure 1. A paediatric MEG system: a Experimental setup for three participants age 2- (left), 5- (centre) and 24-years (right). OPMs, housed in a modified bike helmet, measured the MEG signal. b Time-frequency spectra from a single (synthesised gradiometer) channel. Changes in neural oscillations are shown; blue indicates a reduction in oscillatory amplitude relative to baseline; yellow indicates an increase. Note reduction in beta (13–30 Hz) and mu (8–13 Hz) amplitude. c The spatial signature of beta modulation during the period of tactile stimulation (0 s < t < 2 s) (blue overlay)